规则与准入
电力监管与发牌机关是柬埔寨电力局（Electricity Authority of Cambodia, EAC）。《电力法（2001）》第6条将其设立为依法获得王国政府授权、具自治地位的法定公法人，负责监管电力服务、规管供电与用电关系；第7(a)条明确其职责包括核发、修订、中止、撤销或拒绝电力服务牌照，第7(b)条包括审批牌照企业的电价与收费。矿产能源部（MME，第3条）负责制定并执行电力行业政策、战略与规划，是行业主管部门。
The Electricity Authority of Cambodia is a legal public entity, being granted the right from the Royal Government to be an autonomous agency to regulate the electricity services and to govern the relation between the delivery, receiving and use of electricity.
The Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy shall be responsible for setting and administrating the government policies, strategies and planning in the power sector.
《电力法（2001）》第29条列出 8 类牌照：发电（Generation）、输电（Transmission）、调度（Dispatch）、配电（Distribution）、趸售（Bulk Sale）、零售（Retail）、分包（Subcontract）、合并（Consolidate）。任何类型的电力服务均须以依现行法规注册的「公司」形式运营；发电、配电与/或零售牌照也可由自然人持有，但规模须由 EAC 规定（第29条末款）。外资能否持有：商业企业法规定，除法律禁止的行为外，外国自然人/法人与本国公司享有同等权利（第278条），电力牌照本身未设外资禁入；但土地所有权仍受限（见征地专题）。
The licenses under empowerment of the Authority ... shall be as follows: 1- Generation License 2- Transmission License 3- Dispatch License 4- Distribution License 5- Bulk Sale License 6- Retail License 7- Subcontract License 8- Consolidate License.
same as the local company except any acts that prohibited for natural or legal person who is foreigner
《电力法（2001）》区分多类网络牌照：输电牌照（第31条）含「国家输电牌照」（发给国有输电公司，向各地配电公司与大宗用户输电，可为不定期）与「特殊用途输电牌照」（第32-33条）；配电牌照（第34条）在划定的连续区域内配售电，可为不定期；零售牌照（第39条）向消费者售电，须与持牌供电企业签分包协议，最长 5 年可续；合并牌照（第35条）可合并上述一类或多类，EAC 可发给 EDC 及离网系统，授予其发电、输电、调度、配电并售电给消费者的权利。
The Transmission Licensee shall have the right to provide the transmission service.
The Distribution Licensee shall have the right to provide the electricity distribution services in a determined contiguous territory.
The Retail Licensee shall have the right to engage in the sale of electric power to consumers. ... All licenses issued under this Article shall have a maximum five (5) year term ...
The Consolidate License ... may be issued to EDC and to the isolated systems to grant the right to generate, transmit, dispatch, distribute and sale the electric power to consumers.
依《电力法（2001）》：任何人都不得在无有效牌照下运营电力公用事业（第41条），牌照只发给能力满足 EAC 要求、能履行服务义务者；发牌前 EAC 可要求提供保函或其他财务担保以确保履行义务、缴纳牌照费（第43条）；牌照不得出租、出售或出质，转让须经 EAC 特别批准（第45条）。牌照费由 EAC 确定，上限由次级法令规定，存入国家银行专户、仅 EAC 动用（第27条）。外国施工企业承接电力工程前，须先在营业地主管机关办理商业登记（登记处设于省市商业局或商业部指定地点，第14条）。
No person may operate as an electric power utility or supply electric power services except he/she has performed under and in accordance with the terms of a valid license issued by the Authority.
Before issuing of any License ... the Authority may require a bond or other form of financial security necessary to ensure satisfaction of service obligations ... including the payment of License Fees.
register his/her company with the competent authority having the jurisdiction over the place of business. The registration office shall be at the provincial or municipal commerce office, or other places as determined by the Ministry of Commerce.
电力牌照本身未设外资禁入。《商业企业法（2005）》第278条规定，除法律禁止的行为外，外国自然人/法人与本国公司享有同等权利；《投资法（2021）》第15条亦明确不得因外国国籍歧视外国投资者（土地所有权除外）。因此外资可设立 IPP、持有发电/输电/配电等 EAC 牌照，一般无股比上限。唯一的所有权限制集中在土地：土地所有权只属柬籍自然人/法人，外资项目须以租赁或特许权方式用地。税法中的 20% 是关联交易「控制」判定阈值，并非准入股比上限。
same as the local company except any acts that prohibited for natural or legal person who is foreigner
Foreign investors shall not be subject to any discrimination on the basis of foreign nationality, except for land ownership as stipulated in the Constitution ...
不能随意处置。《电力法（2001）》第45条规定：牌照不得出租、出售或出质（lien）给任何人；牌照只能在获 EAC 特别批准后，方可转让/让与给他人。非国有牌照人不得持有超过一个牌照，也不得持有其他牌照人的股份或直接责任财务利益；只有王国政府及全资国有企业可持有/控制多个牌照。EAC 还可基于公共利益审批、限制牌照人的并购、重组或重大资产/证券收购。
The licensee shall not rent, sell or deposit as lien its license to any other person. The licensee can assign or transfer its license to any other person only with the special approval of Authority.
属违法并受罚。《电力法（2001）》第67条规定，任何被发现未持必要牌照而提供电力服务者，按每天 400,000 至 4,000,000 瑞尔处以罚款；第64条对牌照人及其雇员的违规按每违法日 400,000–4,000,000 瑞尔罚款，持续违规可发终止通知并采其他法律措施；第65条在牌照人重大违约时，EAC 可中止或撤销其牌照并诉诸法院。
Monetary penalties ranging from 400,000 Riels to 4,000,000 Riels per day for every day shall be imposed on any person found to be providing electric power services without having obtained the necessary license;
《电力法（2001）》第24条规定，EAC 作出最终决定后，各受影响机构与当事人有权在最终决定之日起 3 个月内向柬埔寨王国法院提起上诉。第22条规定 EAC 的听证公开、决定及理由须公布；第23条要求在作出不利于某法律主体/个人的认定、命令或判决前，须给予合理通知与举证/机会。对牌照人的投诉，EAC 须在收到投诉后 15 天内告知投诉人（第60条）。
After the Authority issues a final decision, each affected institution and party shall have the right of appeal to the Courts of the Kingdom of Cambodia. This appeal shall be filed within three (3) months from the date of the final decision.
要。《电力法（2001）》第75条（过渡条款）规定，所有现有电力服务供应商须在收到 EAC 公告后 6 个月内向 EAC 申请牌照。第74条要求矿产能源部在 EAC 完全运转后，有序将本法规定的职能与职责移交给 EAC。这意味着存量供电企业（含 EDC 既有业务）也须纳入 EAC 牌照体系。
All existing suppliers of electric power services shall apply for a license with the Authority within six (6) months after receiving the announcement of the Authority.
合并牌照是《电力法（2001）》第29条所列 8 类牌照中可合并一类或多类的牌照（第35条）。EAC 可将合并牌照发给 EDC 及离网系统，授予其发电、输电、调度、配电并向消费者售电的权利；若合并牌照人拟新增发电设施，须为每个新设施另行申请发电牌照。EAC 在发合并牌照时，应考量鼓励效率与竞争、降低长期边际成本，并可在服务区内纳入发电/输电/配电业务分拆的规定。
The Consolidate License is a license, which may be the combination of some or all types of licenses ... may be issued to EDC and to the isolated systems to grant the right to generate, transmit, dispatch, distribute and sale the electric power to consumers.
电力牌照申请费按拟供电服务的规模分四档收缴，上限由第131号次法令规定：农村电气化等优惠性服务每牌照不超过 5 万瑞尔；小型服务（500 千瓦以下）不超过 10 万瑞尔；中型服务（500–3000 千瓦）不超过 60 万瑞尔；大型服务（3000 千瓦以上）不超过 100 万瑞尔。费用在申请时一次性缴纳，若电力局决定不发证应予退还。在电力局开展业务之前已取得工业矿产能源部或政府机构许可的既有经营者，可免缴申请费直接申领牌照。
This application fee shall be paid once, when the applicant applies for license.
All existing suppliers of electric power services shall apply for a license with the Authority within six (6) months after receiving the announcement of the Authority.
牌照费是持照人取得牌照后按年、按电量向电力局缴纳的经常性费用，由电力局在年度预算中确定各财政年度的费率与计算方式并报皇家政府批准。第131号次法令给出各类服务的收费上限：发电或自他国购电不超过每千瓦时 1.70 瑞尔；输电不超过 0.70 瑞尔；配售不超过 1.20 瑞尔；零售不超过 0.50 瑞尔；电力法第29条所列其他服务不超过服务费的 0.1%。
Maximum license fee for each type of service is as follows:
This Sub-Decree determines the maximum license fee.
第54号次法令规定电力局核定电价的成本：合理成本为运行维护、燃料采购、行政与一般管理、购电、折旧、利润与贷款成本、以及电力局认可的其他成本之和。核价时持照人须提交会计报告与各成本构成部分的资料。燃料成本的认定标准是「可合理取得的最低价格」：小型持照人按其所在地主要市场燃料价并计入运输成本；大型持照人（无论直采或向 IPP 采购）按反映国际市场价格、并计入运输与相关税费、在竞争性基础上确定的价格。
This Sub-Decree prescribes the basic principles for determining the reasonable cost in electricity business for Electricity Authority of Cambodia (The Authority) to set electricity tariff fa
In the process of tariff review and setting each Licensee shall submit to the Authority the accounting reports and information
In general, fuel costs will only be regarded as reasonable when they reflect the lowest price reasonably obtainable, given the circumstances of the Licensee.
电价由电力局确定并复审。持照人提出确定或修订电价的申请后，电力局须在收到之日起 90 日内作出批准、修订或不批准的决定；新电价或修订后电价的生效日期也须不迟于同一 90 日期限确定。也就是说电价核定的法定时限是 90 天，超期未批不构成自动批准。
Within ninety (90) days from the receiving date of any application by licensees requesting the Authority to determine or revise their tariff, the Authority shall approve, revise, or disapprove this request.